Το τέλος του κόσμου! – Βγήκαν οι πιθανές ημερομηνίες για το 2014!

Source: onalert.gr

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Οι προφητείες των Μάγια αποδείχτηκαν αστήρικτες. Οι προβλέψεις διαφόρων μεταξύ των οποίων και πολλών Ελλήνων για το τέλος του κόσμου όλο πέφτουν έξω. Όλο το αναγγέλουν κι όλο αυτό…τους στήνει.

Είναι θέμα που … πουλάει αλλά όλοι οι κομήτες και μετεωρίτες, χωρίς να υπολογίζουμε το μετεωρίτη του Τσεμπαρκούλ πέρασαν παρακάμπτοντας τη Γη και … χάλασαν τα σενάρια των εγχώριων “καταστροφολογων”. Μπορούμε άραγε να αναπνεύσουμε με ανακούφιση ότι θα μας αφήσουν ήσυχους κι αν τέλος πάντων είναι να ΄ρθει το τέλος του κόσμου άστο να ΄ρθει;

Κάθε άλλο. Για το 2014 μας … προτείνουν δύο σενάρια της »Ημέρας της Κρίσεως»…

Το 2014 θα έρθει η σειρά των αρχαίων Βίκινγκς να μας εκφοβίζουν με κοντινό και αναπόφευκτο τέλος με βάση τους Σκανδιναβικούς μύθους, καθώς επίσης και με το Όξινο Νέφος που έρχεται από το κέντρο του γαλαξία, καταστρέφοντας τα πάντα κατά τη διαδρομή του.

Να, τι είπε στην <> για ό,τι μπορεί να συμβεί ήδη στις 22 Φεβρουαρίου του 2014, ο πολιτισμολόγος Κ. Βαντίμ Σερμπακόδ:

<>.

Έτσι, λοιπόν, σύμφωνα με το σενάριο των Σκανδιναβικών μύθων, θεωρητικά δεν θα πρέπει να βρεθούμε αντιμέτωποι με το τέλος του κόσμου.

Αλλά ποιός ξέρει; Ίσως σε ορισμένες χώρες, οι άνθρωποι δεν κατάφεραν να απολαύσουν τις ζεστές ημέρες του Ιουλίου και τώρα διατρέχουν μεγαλύτερο κίνδυνο από ό,τι εμείς…

Όσον αφορά το γιγαντιαίο Όξινο Νέφος μεγέθους 16 εκατομμυρίων χιλιομέτρων, που βγήκε από μαύρη τρύπα και έρχεται προς το μέρος μας με μεγάλη ταχύτητα από το κέντρο του γαλαξία, θα μας φτάσει, σύμφωνα με το αμερικανικό παρατηρητήριο Chandra (Chandra X-ray Observatory) ήδη την 1 Ιουνίου του 2014 και θα καταστρέψει όλο τον πολιτισμό.

Οι Αμερικανοί επιστήμονες διαπίστωσαν ότι το «νέφος» αυτό σαρώνει τα πάντα στο δρόμο του: πλανήτες, αστέρια και αστεροειδείς. Με άλλα λόγια, κανείς δεν μπορεί να σωθεί απ’ αυτό το σύννεφο.

Σε σχέση με αυτό δημιουργείται το εξής ερώτημα: «Κατά πόσο γρήγορα θα συντελείται η διαδικασία της καταστροφής του κόσμου μας; Αν πιστέψουμε στα δεδομένα του αμερικανικού Παρατηρητηρίου, η ταχύτητα του «νέφους» ισοδυναμεί με την ταχύτητα του φωτός. Δηλαδή, στην ουσία δεν θα προλάβουμε να φοβηθούμε και να καταλάβουμε ακόμα πώς είμαστε ήδη νεκροί. Ωστόσο οι Ρώσοι επιστήμονες δεν πιστεύουν σ’ αυτή την προοπτική.

Ο αστροφυσικός κ. Μιχαήλ Οντιντσόφ είπε πεπεισμένος στο ραδιορταθμό «Η Φωνή της Ρωσίας» τα παρακάτω:

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Με δυό λόγια, ως τις αρχές Ιουνίου, σίγουρα δεν θα μας φτάσει … Εξάλλου, όλοι περιμένουν ανυπόμονα πότε επιτέλους θα γίνει πραγματικότητα έστω και κάποια μια από τις προφητείες – είτε επιστημονικές,είτε μυθικές.

Elephant Poaching Could Wipe Out 20 Percent Of African Population In Next Decade

Source: Huffpost.com

As many as 20 percent of Africa’s elephants could be killed in the next 10 years if illegal poaching continues at the current rate, according to new data released Monday at the opening of the Elephant Summit in Botswana.

An estimated 22,000 elephants were illegally killed across Africa in 2012, slightly lower than the 25,000 elephants poached in 2011, according to a report by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, or CITES.

The elephant killings took place at 42 sites across 27 Africa countries, said the CITES report.

“With an estimated 22,000 African elephants illegally killed in 2012, we continue to face a critical situation. Current elephant poaching in Africa remains far too high, and could soon lead to local extinctions if the present killing rates continue. The situation is particularly acute in Central Africa where the estimated poaching rate is twice the continental average,” said John E. Scanlon, CITES Secretary-General.

The poaching data was released at the African Elephant Summit in Gaborone, Botswana’s capital. The conference on elephants is being convened by the Botswana government and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

In September 2013 cyanide was used to kill more than 300 elephants in Zimbabwe’s Hwange National Park in the “worst single massacre in southern Africa for 25 years,” said the IUCN in a statement.

Africa current has about 500,000 elephants, according to the IUCN. Elephants in Central Africa are bearing the brunt of the poaching, although high poaching levels in all sub-regions mean that even the large elephant populations in southern and eastern Africa are at risk unless the trend is reversed, said the IUCN.

Poverty and weak governance in elephant range states, together with rising demand for illegal ivory in consuming nations, are believed to be the key factors behind the increase in elephant poaching in recent years.

The elephant summit is being convened to agree on policies to end the illegal ivory trade and secure viable elephant populations across Africa, including strengthening national laws to tackle wildlife crime and enhancing cooperation between countries.

Η Συμφωνική ορχήστρα του Miami είναι μία από τις πιο ξακουστές και πιο διαδεδομένες ορχήστρες

Source: mynima-hellas.com

MIAMI SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA *

Η Συμφωνική ορχήστρα του Miami είναι μία από τις πιο ξακουστές και πιο διαδεδομένες ορχήστρες.

*του Αναστάσιου Κελεγκούρη

————————————————————–

MIAMI SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA AT 19/10/2008

CONDUCTOR : Mr. Eduardo Marturet

Η Συμφωνική ορχήστρα του Miami είναι μία από τις πιο ξακουστές και πιο διαδεδομένες ορχήστρες. Η εμβέλειά της είναι παγκόσμια. Αποτελείται από ένα αξιόλογο σύνολο επαγγελματιών μουσικών οι οποίοι αποτελούν και το βασικό κορμό της. Δημιουργήθηκε από τον αρχιμουσικό Mr. Manuel Ochoa το 1989.

Στο σύνολό της ήταν 80 επαγγελματίες μουσικοί απ’ όλο τον κόσμο. Αυτοί αποτέλεσαν και τον βασικό κορμό της. Το σύνολο των μουσικών αυτών σε συνδυασμό με το ταλέντο τους και την κουλτούρα τους ήταν η σημαία των πολιτιστικών δρώμενων της πόλης του Miami που βρίσκεται στην πολιτεία της Νότιας Φλόριντα. Η ποικιλία των συναυλιών της ορχήστρας ήταν τόσο μεγάλη που η φήμη της εξαπλώθηκε διεθνώς.

Τη δεδομένη χρονική περίοδο η Συμφωνική του Miami διανύει τον 24ο χρόνο παρουσίας της και αποτελεί τη διεθνή ορχήστρα της πόλης. Τα μουσικά της προγράμματα καλύπτονται από ένα πλούσιο πρόγραμμα από κονσέρτα τα οποία βασίζονται πάνω σε κανόνες της κλασικής μουσικής, δηλαδή μουσικές δημιουργίες. Αλλά υπάρχουν και πιο σύγχρονα μουσικά θέματα ή έργα τα οποία εκτελούνται από αξιόλογους επαγγελματίες αρχιμουσικούς και μουσικούς, όπως είναι οι πρεμιέρες.

Το 1997 η MISO (Miami Symphony Orchestra) είχε την τιμή να συνεργαστεί με το Miami-Dade Public School που ήταν ένα σχολείο τεχνών και να προσφέρει εκπαιδευτικά προγράμματα στους μαθητές του. Ο σκοπός των προγραμμάτων αυτών ήταν επηρεάσει θετικά τους μαθητές του συγκεκριμένου σχολείου, δίνοντάς τους μία αξιόλογη μουσική εμπειρία μέσα από μία σειρά συναυλιών. Πολλές από τις συναυλίες αυτές είχαν μικρή πληρωμή και άλλες ήταν δωρεάν για τους μαθητές, τους καθηγητές και τους πολίτες που είχαν την τύχη να τις παρακολουθήσουν.

Το 2000 η Συμφωνική ορχήστρα του Miami υπό τη διεύθυνση του αρχιμουσικού Mr. Manuel Οchoa, έδωσε μία σειρά συναυλιών στη Νέα Υόρκη στην αίθουσα του Carnagie Hall, δίνοντας όλη την ενέργειά της.

Το Μάρτιο του 2003 η Αμερική θέλοντας να τιμήσει τον αρχιμουσικό Mr. Manuel Ochoa για τη σημαντική προσφορά του στα πολιτιστικά δρώμενα του Miami, του έκανε ένα άγαλμα μπροστά στο δημαρχείο της πόλης.

Από το 2006 η συμφωνική Ορχήστρα άλλαξε αρχιμουσικό και τη θέση του Mr. Manuel Ochoa πήρε ο Λατίνος αρχιμουσικός Mr. Eduardo Marturet από τη Βενεζουέλα.

Το σχολείο τεχνών Miami-Dade Public Schools θέλοντας να τιμήσει τη συνεργασία του με τη Συμφωνική Ορχήστρα της πόλης του, της πρόσφερε κάποια δώρα από το τρμήμα τεχνών του Miami Beach Cultured Arts Council της πολιτείας της Νότιας Φλόριντα και από τον Οργανισμό National Endowment for the Arts.

ManuelOchoa (1925-2006)

Ο αείμνηστος αρχιμουσικός Manuel Ochoa γεννήθηκε το 1925. Είχε μία λαμπρή καριέρα ως αρχιμουσικός σε διάφορες ορχήστρες παγκοσμίως. Από την αγάπη του και το πάθος του υπήρξε ιδρυτής της Συμφωνικής ορχήστρας του Miami το 1989. Την περίοδο εκείνη ήταν 64 χρονών. Με τη δημιουργία της ορχήστρας αυτής έκανε το όνειρό του πραγματικότητα. Από το 2006 και μετά ο κόσμος της κλασικής μουσικής είναι φτωχότερος. Τη χρονιά εκείνη έφυγε από τη ζωή σε ηλικία 81 χρονών, αφήνοντας πίσω του ένα πολύ σημαντικό έργο.

Η μητέρα του ήταν η Miss Caridad Ochoa που ήταν εξαίρετη τραγουδίστρια της όπερας και αποφοίτησε από το Royal Conservatory San Fernando de Cadiz, όπου ο Manuel de Falla σπούδασε μουσική.

Ο Manuel Ochoa γεννήθηκε στην Κούβα και το επαγγελματικό του ντεμπούτο το έκανε σε ηλικία μόλις 17 ετών με τη διεξαγωγή της όπερας Il Trovatore του Giuseppe Verdi. Από το 1942-1946 διήυθυνε ως αρχιμουσικός τη χoρωδία της Sociedad Coral την οποία είχε δημιουργήσει ο ίδιος. Μέσα από τη χορωδία αυτή ο Manuel Ochoa παρουσίασε καλλιτέχνες διεθνούς φήμης, όπως η χορωδία αγοριών της Βιέννης. Βάση αυτής της σχέσης του με τη συγκεκριμένη χορωδία, η έμπνευσή του τον οδήγησε στη χορωδία του Nivos Cantores de la Habana. Αποφοίτησε από το Ωδείο Internacional de Musica στην Αβάνα και από εκεί άρχισε η άνοδός του μεγάλου αρχιμουσικού. Ακόμη ήταν και διευθυντής ορχήστρας σε μία από τις καλύτερες χορωδίες στην Αβάνα την El Coro de Madrigalistas.

Στον Ευρωπαϊκό χώρο αποφοίτησε από το Real Conservatoire de Madrid και δέχτηκε υποτροφία από το Istituto de Cultura Hispanica. Συνεχίζοντας τις σπουδές του αφιερώθηκε στην διεξαγωγή της τεχνικής στην Academia di Santa Cecilia στη Ρώμη υπό τις οδηγίες ενός άλλου αρχιμουσικού του Bonaventura Somma. Στη Βιέννη ήταν σε συνεργασία με την Miss Hermann Scherchen που ήταν μία εξαίρετη μουσικός. Ακόμη η ίδια ήταν και η δημιουργός της Γερμανικής Σχολής.

Με την επιστροφή του στην Κούβα διορίστηκε καθηγητής στο Conservatorio Nacional και διήυθυνε τη Φιλαρμονική Ορχήστρα De la Habana. Με την επιστροφή του στην Ευρώπη συνεργάστηκε με την Ορχήστρα και την Χορωδία της Εθνικής Ραδιοφωνίας της Ισπανίας, την Ορχήστρα της Μαδρίτης και τέλος ήταν και στην Opera Piccola Di Roma.

To 1959 ο αρχιμουσικός Manuel Ochoa σε ηλικία 47 χρονών εκτέλεσε τη μουσική του Esteban Salas. Ο συγκεκριμένος συνθέτης γεννήθηκε και αυτός στην Κούβα το 1725 και για πολλούς θεωρείται ο πρώτος μουσικοσυνθέτης της Αμερικής. Η μουσική του ακούστηκε μετά από 150 χρόνια περίπου. Η μουσική του Esteban Salas βρέθηκε στον Καθεδρικό Ναό του Santiago de Cuba. Το 1960 ο Manuel Ochoa έκανε τις πρώτες ηχογραφήσεις της μουσικής του Esteban Salas.

To 1989 είναι η χρονιά σύμβολο για τον αρχιμουσικό Manuel Ochoa. Τη χρονιά αυτή δημιούργησε τη Συμφωνική Ορχήστρα του Miami. Η δημιουργία της Ορχήστρας αυτής αποτέλεσε ένα μεγάλο πολιτιστικό βήμα στην κοινότητα του Miami που βρίσκεται στη Νότια Φλόριντα και είχε και έχει μία πληθώρα εθνοτήτων.

Το καλοκαίρι του 2000 και έντεκα χρόνια μετά τη δημιουργία της Ορχήστρας, ο αρχιμουσικός Manuel Οchoa εκπληρώνει ένα όνειρο ζωής με μία σπουδαία συναυλία στην αίθουσα Carnegie Hall της Νέας Υόρκης. Η συγκεκριμένη συναυλία χαρακτηρίστηκε από τη μουσική του Joaquin Turina, του Joaquin Rodrigo και του Alberto Ginastera. Στην κορύφωσή της έφτασε με το αριστούργημα του Αγίου Σαέν με τη Συμφωνία αρ.3 (Organ Symphony). Η επιτυχία της ήταν πολύ μεγάλη και το κοινό πολύ ένθερμο. Δυστυχώς όμως μετά από έξι χρόνια ο Manuel Ochoa απεβίωσε σε ηλικία 81 ετών.

Μετά το θάνατο του Mr. Manuel Ochoa τη σκυτάλη του αρχιμουσικού της συμφωνικής Ορχήστρας του Miami την ανέλαβε ο εξίσου σημαντικός αρχιμουσικός Mr. Eduardo Marturet από τη Βενεζουέλα που έχει πρωτεύουσα το Καράκας. Ο συγκεκριμένος αρχιμουσικός έχει μία ενεργή καριέρα σε τρεις Ηπείρους. Είναι μουσικός Διευθυντής της Συμφωνικής του Miami και συμμετέχει ενεργά στη μουσική ζωή των Ιθαγενών της Βενεζουέλας. Ακόμη και στον Ευρωπαϊκό χώρο έχει δυναμική παρουσία.

Στις προσωπικές του δουλειές έχει κυκλοφορήσει 40 CD’s που κυμαίνονται από έναν κύκλο ορχηστρικών κομματιών του γερμανού συνθέτη Johannes Brahms. Θα μπορούσε να χαρακτηρίσει τις συνεργασίες του με ορχήστρες στον ευρωπαϊκό χώρο αξιόλογες. Η Berliner Symphony Orchestra είναι από τους σημαντικούς σταθμούς της καριέρας του. Έχει συνεργαστεί με την Chamber Orchestra, Staataphilarmonie Rheinland-Platz, την αξιόλογη και πολύ γνωστή RAI Symphony Orchetra, τη Radio Symphony Orchestra of Denmark, και τη Βασιλική Φλαμανδική Φιλαρμονική. Οι συνεργασίες του όμως συνεχίστηκαν και με άλλες συμφωνικές ορχήστρες, όπως τη Nordwestdeutsche Philarmonie, τη Gelders Orkest, τη Bohemian Philarmonique, τη Radio Symphony of Budapest, τη Brabant Orkest και την Concertgebouw Orchestra of Amsterdam.

Το 2001 οδήγησε τη Συμφωνική του Βερολίνου σε μία περιοδεία 12 συναυλιών των μεγάλων πόλεων της Νότιας Αμερικής. Μερικές από τις πόλεις αυτές ήταν την πρωτεύουσα της Βενεζουέλας το Καράκας, το Σάο Πάολο, το Μοντεβίδεο που είναι πρωτεύουσα της Ουρουγουάης, και την πρωτεύουσα της Αργεντινής το Μπουένος Άϊρες.

Παρακάτω θα δούμε τη χρονολογία γέννησης του αρχιμουσικού Eduardo Marturet και κάποιες άλλες θέσεις που είχε σε σημαντικές ορχήστρες και θέατρα. Επίσης είναι σημαντικό ν αναφερθεί ότι για κάποιο διάστημα που θέλησε να αφιερωθεί σε μία διεθνή σταδιοδρομία, πέρασε και από την Ελλάδα. Ο Eduardo Marturet γεννήθηκε το 1953 στο Καράκας. Σπούδασε στο Cambridge της Αγγλίας. Το 1979 και σε ηλικία 27 χρονών επέστρεψε στη Βενεζουέλα και είχε μία μόνιμη θέση στη Filarmonia Orchestra de Caracas. Εκεί έμεινε μέχρι το 1995, δηλαδή μέχρι τα 42 του χρόνια. Κατά την περίοδο αυτή και 11 χρόνια πριν αποχωρήσει από τη συγκεκριμένη Φιλαρμονική, το 1984 άνοιξε στο Καράκας το θέατρο της Teresa Carreno. Στο θέατρο αυτό ήταν και ο πρώτος μουσικός Διευθυντής. Αλλά λόγο των πρωτότυπων παραγωγών του και των προκλητικών ιδεών του παραιτήθηκε από εκεί και αποφάσισε να κάνει μια διεθνή σταδιοδρομία. Η σταδιοδρομία αυτή έναν αριθμό ευρωπαϊκών χωρών και ο Καναδάς, οι Η.Π.Α., η Δανία, η Κορέα, η Νορβηγία, η Σουηδία, η Τσεχοσλοβακία, η Ιταλία, η Ισπανία, η Ελλάδα, η Γαλλία, η Αγγλία, η Γερμανία. Τώρα ο μεγάλος αρχιμουσικός είναι 60 χρονών.

Οι επαγγελματίες μουσικοί και τα βασικά μουσικά όργανα της MiamiSymphonyOrchestra

Η Miami Symphony orchestra αποτελείται από μία πλειάδα επαγγελματιών μουσικών οι οποίοι έχουν καταγωγή από διάφορα μέρη του κόσμου. Οι μουσικοί αυτοί στο σύνολό τους είναι 81. Όσον αφορά τα μουσικά όργανα αυτά τα διακρίνουμε σε τρεις κατηγορίες. Τα έγχορδα {Strings}, τα πνευστά {Woodwinds} και τα κρουστά {Percurssion}.

Οι επαγγελματίες μουσικοί που απαρτίζουν το σύνολο των εγχόρδων που είναι το βιολί (1ο και 2ο ), η βιόλα, το Cello, το μπάσο είναι συνολικά 46 στον αριθμό και είναι οι εξής:

1ο Βιολί

Daniel Andai – Concertmaster
David Andai
Rafael Betancourt
Allyson Clark
Danny Diaz
Luis Fernandez
Riuben Frometa
Romel Fuenmayor
Orlando Forte
Hector Hernandez
Andrea Nedelea
Liuba Obrimenko
Anthony Seepersad
Miriam Stern
Elizabeth Young
2ο Βιολί

Gregory Correno
Brooke Quiggins
Israel Aragon
Daniel Garcia
Raisa Ilyutovich
Sandra Rubio
Jill Sheer
Susan Siman
Silvia Suarez
Vasile Suit
Alexander Zhuk
Στο όργανο της Βιόλα έχουμε τους εξής :

Scott O’ Donell
Rebecca Diderich
Yael Kleinman
Rafael Ramirez
Viera Borisova
Helen Cunningam
Veronica Dicker
Victoria Joseph
Loana Luca
David Redraza
Vivian Torres
Στο Cello είναι οι εξής:

Ashley Garritson
Aaron Ludwig
Fabiola Bravo
Carolina Cova
Christine Echezabal
Monica Godbee
Maria Jeffers
Carolina Johnson
Aaron Merritt
Anna Litvinenco
Konstantin Litvinenko
Andres Vera
Στο Bass είναι οι εξής:

Alexander Berti
Terry Bonelli
Hernan Matute
Roger Bustamente
Daniel Joffre
Jackye De Los Santos
Στην κατηγορία των Πνευστών {Woodwinds} έχουμε το Φλάουτο, το Oboe,το English Horn, το Saxophone, το Clarinet, το Bass Clarinet το Contrabassoon και το Basson.

Στο Φλάουτο {Flute} είναι οι:

Carol Naveira-Nicholson
Zoe Goode
Lillian Caballero
Susan DeGooyer
Rene Miska
Farah Zolgbard
Στο Oboe:

Nick Thompson
Maylin Rete
Στο Clarinet είναι οι:

Julian Santacoloma
Nuno Artunes
Steve Castro
Isabel Thompson
Στο Saxophone είναι ο Tom Mccormick

Τέλος στο Φαγκότο{Bassoon} έχουμε τους:

Geoffry Hale
Adrian Morejon
Carlos Felipe Vina
Gail Harrison
Nicole Kosar
Στα ορειχάλκινα {Brass Organs} είναι οι:

French Horn

Hector Rodriguez
Matt Marshall
Alex Peratta
Raul Rodriguez
Trumpets

Samuel Hyken
Leslie Scarpino
Mary Bowden
Christopher Scanlon
Trombone-Bass Trombone

Domingo Pagliuka
John Sipher
Karla Rojas
Chris Davis {B.Trombone}
Jose Leon {B.Trombone}
Σαλπιγκτής {Tuba} είναι ο Jay Bertolet και στο πιάνο {Keyboard} ο Ciro fodere.

Στα Κρουστά {Percurssion} έχουμε τους:

Erol Rackipov
Drexter Dwight
Τυμπανιστές {Timpani} είναι οι:

Julio Cremisini
Jeremy Levine
Εκτός όμως από τους παραπάνω 81 επαγγελματίες μουσικούς, υπάρχουν και κάποιοι ακόμη. Αυτοί είναι:

Assistant Conductor: Marcoantonio Real d’ Arbelles
Composer In Residence: Alex Berti
Librarian: Terry Bonelli
Stage Manager: Rafael Ramirez
Production: Hernan Matute
Concert Host: Mike Paxton

ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF OF MI.S.O {ΔΙΟΙΚΗΤΙΚΟΠΡΟΣΩΠΙΚΟΤΗΣΣΥΜΦΩΝΙΚΗΣΤΟΥΜΑΪΑΜΙ}

Εκτός όμως από το τμήμα των επαγγελματιών μουσικών και των αρχιμουσικών που αποτελούν τα μέλη της υπάρχει και το Διοικητικό Προσωπικό της Συμφωνικής το οποίο αποτελείται από 15 τμήματα. Τα τμήματα αυτά αποτελούνται και από το αντίστοιχο προσωπικό. Αυτά τα τμήματα παίζουν κάποιον ιδιαίτερο ρόλο στη σωστή λειτουργία της ορχήστρας και είναι τα εξής:

FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DIRECTOR

Maricarmen Tredunlo

EXECUTIVE PRODUCER

Fernando Duprat

CREATIVE DIRECTOR

Daniel Battle

ARTISTIC DIRECTOR MISO CHAMBER MUSIC PROGRAM

Anne Chicheportiche

OFFICE MANAGER

Rita Kronheim

GRANTS DIRECTOR

Pola Reydburd

OUTREACH PROGRAM COORDINATOR

Terry Bonelli

MUSIC LIBRARIAN

Terry Bonelli

ASSISTANT CONDUCTOR

Marcoantonio Real-d’Arbelles

COMPOSERS-IN-RESIDENCE

Paul Desenne

Orlando Garcia

Samuel Hyken

ARTIST-IN-RESIDENCE

Kiran Akal

Erik Speyer

VIDEO RECORDING

Gabriel Cutiño

WEBMASTER

April Enoe

SOCIAL MEDIA

Reina Venturini

MISO OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHERS

Robert Andai

Nick Norwood

Eduardo Segovia

Παρακάτω θα αναλυθούν όσο πιο καλά γίνεται τα διοικητικά τμήματα της ορχήστρας.

Το πρώτο τμήμα με την ονομασία Finance And Administrative Director έχει σαν βασικό αντικείμενο το οικονομικό μέρος της ορχήστρας και ο Διευθυντής του τμήματος αυτού είναι η Miss Maricarmen Tredunlo. Η καταγωγή της Miss Maricarmen είναι από το Maracaibo της Βενεζουέλας. Το τμήμα αυτό ασχολείται με ότι έχει σχετίζεται με τα οικονομικά θέματα που αφορούν την ορχήστρα, όπως οι χρηματοδοτήσεις, οι μισθοδοσίες.

Το δεύτερο τμήμα με την ονομασία Executive Producer είναι το τμήμα που έχει σα βασικό αντικείμενο το παραγωγικό τμήμα της ορχήστρας. Υπεύθυνος του τμήματος αυτού είναι ο Mr. Fernando Duprat.Ο βασικός ρόλος του Εκτελεστικού Παραγωγού όπως λέγεται στα ελληνικά είναι να επιτρέπει και να στηρίζει την κατασκευή ενός εμπορικού προϊόντος διασκέδασης. Ακόμη ασχολείται με τη λογιστική διαχείριση και με συναφή οικονομικά ζητήματα όπως είναι τα δικαιώματα πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας, και ακόμη βοηθάει και στον προϋπολογισμό της ορχήστρας. Δηλαδή το ποσό των εσόδων της ορχήστρας

Το τρίτο τμήμα με την ονομασία Creative Director ή Καλλιτεχνικός Διευθυντής, είναι ένα τμήμα το οποίο εμπεριέχεται στο Graphic Design της ορχήστρας και ασχολείται με την ανάπτυξη ιστοσελίδων {Web Pages} και το Software. Δηλαδή την ανάπτυξη Προγραμμάτων. Η βασική αρμοδιότητα του Καλλιτεχνικού Διευθυντή είναι ο διαδραστικός σχεδιασμός της επικοινωνίας και η υλοποίηση μιας ιδέας. Ακόμη καθοδηγεί μία ομάδα εργαζομένων σε ότι αφορά το Graphic Design. Στη Συμφωνική Ορχήστρα του Miami τον ρόλο αυτόν τον έχει ο Mr. Daniel Battle.

Το τέταρτο κατά σειρά τμήμα έχει την ονομασία «ARTISTIC DIRECTOR Chamber Music Program». Στη θέση αυτή στη συμφωνική του Miami είναι η Miss Anne Chicheportiche. Ο ρόλος του Artistic Director του θεάτρου είναι παρόμοιος με αυτόν του αρχιμουσικού της συμφωνικής ορχήστρας.

Στο πέμπτο κατά σειρά τμήμα είναι το Office Manager, ή τμήμα του υπευθύνου γραφείου του διευθυντή. Το τμήμα αυτό ασχολείται με θέματα οργάνωσης και έχει τον έλεγχο όλων των διοικητικών θεμάτων που απασχολούν την ορχήστρα. Στη θέση αυτή στη συμφωνική του Miami είναι η Miss Rita Kroheim.

Το έκτο τμήμα είναι το Grants Director. Το τμήμα αυτό ασχολείται με τις δωρεές και τις επιχορηγήσεις που αφορούν τη συμφωνική ορχήστρα. Υπεύθυνη στο τμήμα αυτό είναι η Miss Pola Reydbard.

Το έβδομο κατά σειρά τμήμα είναι του Outreach program Coordinator. Το τμήμα αυτό ασχολείται με το συντονισμό του προγράμματος. Υπεύθυνος στο τμήμα αυτό είναι ο Mr. Terry Bonelli. Το ίδιο άτομο είναι υπεύθυνο και σε ένα άλλο τμήμα της συμφωνικής. Το τμήμα αυτό είναι το Music Librarian, δηλαδή το τμήμα της μουσικής βιβλιοθήκης της συμφωνικής.

Το διοικητικό μέρος της συμφωνικής του Miami αποτελείται από άλλα 8 τμήματα :

Αυτά είναι του Assistant Conductor, Composer & Artist in Residence, Webmaster, Social Media, Video Recording, MISO Official Photographers. Ο Mr. Marcoantonio Real d’ Arbelles αποτελεί τον Assistant Conductor της Συμφωνικής του Miami. Ακόμη υπάρχουν οι τοπικοί συνθέτες της συμφωνικής οι οποίοι είναι οι Mr. Paul Disenne, Mr. Orlando Garcia και Mr. Samuel Hyken. Οι τοπικοί Καλλιτέχνες Mr. Kiran Akal και Mr. Eric Speyer.Στο τμήμα του Video Recording ή της βιντεοσκόπησης υπεύθυνος είναι ο Mr. Gabriel Gutino. Υπεύθυνος στο χώρο της Web Page, δηλαδή Webmaster είναι ο Mr.April Enoe.

Ακόμη η συμφωνική του Miami γίνεται γνωστή και μέσω των Social Media, όπως είναι το Facebook και το Twitter. Σε αυτή τη θέση υπεύθυνος είναι ο Mr. Rheina Venturini.Τέλος έχουμε και τους επαγγελματίες φωτογράφους της συμφωνικής του Miami. Αυτοί είναι οι εξής: Mr. Robert Andai, Mr. Nick Norwood και ο Mr. Eduardo Segovia.

Εκτός όμως από το καλλιτεχνικό κομμάτι που απαρτίζεται από τους επαγγελματίες μουσικούς και αρχιμουσικούς και το διοικητικό ή διαχειριστικό τα οποία αναλύθηκαν παραπάνω υπάρχουν και κάποια άλλα. Αυτά είναι το Διοικητικό Συμβούλιο { Board of Directors } και το International Advisory Council το οποίο περιλαμβάνει δύο τμήματα. Το Advisory Board και το Honorary Ambassadors.

Το Διοικητικό Συμβούλιο της συμφωνικής του Miami αποτελείται από 29 άτομα. Αυτά είναι τα εξής:

Rafael Diaz-Balart*, Chairman of the Board
Raul Valdes-Fauli*, Vice-Chairman
Peggy J. Garcia*, Secretary
Eugenio Maslowski*, Treasurer
Fred Abbo
Daniel Andai*
Andres Ballestas
Marcelo Ballona
Frida Bandel
Marcelino Bellosta
Benjamin D. Bohlmann*
Luis A. Cordero
Anna Craft*
Enrique Cusco
Chapman Ducote
Fernando Duprat*
Rafael Egañez
Peggy Garcia
Jerry Haar*
Victor Kendall
Veronica Lopez-Lopez
Eduardo Marturet*
Horacio E. Navarrete
Daniel J. O’Malley
Sofia Ochoa
David Osio
Eduardo Rabassa*
Robert Rodriguez*
Eduardo A. Sarasola

Όπως βλέπουμε τα 4 πρώτα άτομα έχουν μία ιδιαίτερη θέση στο Διοικητικό Συμβούλιο της ορχήστρας. Αυτά είναι ο Mr. Rafael Diaz Balart που είναι ο πρόεδρος της επιτροπής, ο Mr. Raul Valdes Fauli που είναι ο αντιπρόεδρος της επιτροπής, η Miss Peggy J. Garcia που έχει το ρόλο του γραμματέα και ο Mr. Eugenio Maslowski που είναι ο ταμίας. Τα υπόλοιπα 25 άτομα αποτελούν τα μέλη του Board of Directors.

Ακόμη υπάρχει και ένα άλλο τμήμα με την ονομασία International Advisory Council, το οποίο περιέχει δύο άλλα τμήματα, το Advisory Board και το Honorary Ambassadors. To I.A.C. αποτελείται από τα εξής μέλη :

Jose Antonio Abreu (Venezuela)
Jorge Luz (Brasil)
Fernando Paiz (Guatemala)
Juan Antonio Perez Simon (Mexico)
Raul Suarez (Cuba-USA)
Nina Zambrano (Mexico)
Όπως βλέπουμε και τα 6 παραπάνω μέλη προέρχονται από διάφορες περιοχές της Λατινικής Αμερικής και αποτελούν ένα σύνολο το οποίο έχει το δικό του ρόλο στη σωστή διοίκηση της Συμφωνικής.

Ακόμη το τμήμα αυτό αποτελείται από δύο ακόμη τμήματα. Αυτά είναι το Advisory Board και το Honorary Ambassadors. Το πρώτο είναι το συμβουλευτικό τμήμα και το δεύτερο το εθελοντικό.

Το πρώτο τμήμα έχει τα εξής μέλη :

Iran Issa-Khan
Barbara Becker
Criselda Breene
Alejandro Grimaldi
Shari Liu
Ali Mahalati
Sam Robin
Marcos Santana
Terry Schechter
Paul Vrooman

Το δεύτερο τα παρακάτω :

Bob Abreu
José María Aznar
Andy Garcia
Carolina Herrera
Mark B. Rosenberg

Nanomedicine brain cancer breakthrough

Source: Nanowerk News

The University of Delaware’s Emily Day is a part of a team of researchers that has developed a nanotherapeutic capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier.

Previously believed impossible, the groundbreaking development could have implications in the treatment of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a lethal form of malignant brain tumors that is considered one of the deadliest human cancers. It may also benefit research for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury and multiple forms of cancer.

Led by researchers at Northwestern University, where Day conducted post-doctoral research, the team discovered that spherical nucleic acids (SNAs), tiny spherical gold nanoparticles densely coated with nucleic acids, have unique properties that allow them to pass through the blood-brain barrier and attack brain cancer.

UD’s Emily Day is part of a research team that has developed a nanotherapeutic capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier.

The technology works by targeting Bcl2L12, a gene important in tumor progression.

“We believe that the SNA particles pass through by binding to scavenger receptors present in the cells lining the blood-brain barrier,” Day explained. “Once past the barrier, the SNA particles travel through the brain tissue and infiltrate tumor cells, where they interfere with the tumor cell’s genetic machinery to prevent the Bcl2L12 gene from being expressed.”

When administered systemically in cell and rodent models, the SNAs delivered nucleic acids to tumors without help from cationic carriers or other chemical modifications, lowered the expression of Bcl2L12 and effectively reduced tumor burden.

“Generally speaking we saw about a 20 percent increase in animal survival rates with this treatment, and a five-fold reduction in tumor growth without adverse side effects,” said Day, assistant professor of biomedical engineering at UD.

This discovery establishes SNAs as a promising new class of therapeutic gene regulation agents capable of treating disease through systemic injection, according to the research team’s findings published as a cover article in Science Translational Medicine (“Spherical Nucleic Acid Nanoparticle Conjugates as an RNAi-Based Therapy for Glioblastoma”), a publication of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Co-first authors on the paper were Day, Samuel Jensen and Caroline Ko, and their interdisciplinary team included researchers from Northwestern University’s departments of chemistry, biomedical engineering, molecular biosciences, neurology, neurobiology, and the International Institute for Nanotechnology. The research was led by Chad Mirkin, professor in Northwestern University’s Department of Chemistry, and Alexander Stegh, professor, in the Department of Neurology.

Future work on the project will include studies to determine safety and efficacy issues necessary for human trials and scaling the technology for manufacturing.

At UD, Day plans to continue exploring SNA behavior using nanoparticle materials such as silica core gold shell nanoshells, which she believes may be useful in imaging, photo thermal therapy and triggered released treatments based on their ability to convert light energy into heat.

“We’ve seen from years of cancer treatment that one single therapy won’t work. While the SNAs offer gene regulation, I’m interested in exploring whether combining this with a thermal base treatment will create more multifunctional and effective treatments for disease,” Day said.

The Most Expensive Book in the World Just Sold for $14.2 Million

Source: Yahoo.com

The first English-language book printed in America was auctioned off at Sotheby’s Tuesday night for $14.2 million, making it the most expensive book in the world.

The Whole Book of Psalmes, or the Bay Psalm Book as it is commonly known, was translated directly from Hebrew to English and printed by Congregationalist Puritans in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1640.

The book’s $14.2 million worth beat the previous record holder, John James Audubon’s Birds of America, which sold for $11.5 million in 2010, according to the New Yorker.

There are 10 other surviving copies of the Bay Psalm book besides the one auctioned off Tuesday evening.

Genocide denier ‘should not be silenced’

Source: SMH.com.au and asbarez.com

Armenians lay flowers at the Genocide Memorial in Yerevan. Professor Justin McCarthy's views on the   genocide, in which more than one million people are believed to have died at the hands of the Ottoman Empire between 1915 and 1923, have made him a controversial figure.Armenians lay flowers at the Genocide Memorial in Yerevan. Professor Justin McCarthy’s views on the genocide, in which more than one million people are believed to have died at the hands of the Ottoman Empire between 1915 and 1923, have made him a controversial figure.

The Labor backbencher who booked a room in Parliament House for a visiting US historian who is accused of denying the Armenian genocide said the controversial academic does not deserve to be silenced.

Labor MP Laurie Ferguson booked a committee room on the request of a former constituent for a talk on Thursday afternoon by Justin McCarthy, a professor of history at the University of Louisville, Kentucky.

Professor McCarthy’s views on the so-called Armenian genocide, in which more than one million people are believed to have died at the hands of the Ottoman Empire between 1915 and 1923, have made him a controversial figure.

Labor MP Laurie Ferguson  says he does not agree with all Professor McCarthy's views, but  he doesn't think ''closing him down would be justified''.

Labor MP Laurie Ferguson says he does not agree with all Professor McCarthy’s views, but he doesn’t think ”closing him down would be justified”. Photo: Alex Ellinghausen

Professor McCarthy is held by Armenians in similar low regard as Jews hold Holocaust denier David Irving.

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In the lead-up to Thursday’s event, organised by the Australian Turkish Advocacy Alliance, the Armenian National Committee of Australia’s executive director, Vache H. Kahramanian, wrote to MPs and senators urging them not to attend the talk by the “noted genocide denier”.

“It is abhorrent that the Australian Parliament will be utilised as a venue for McCarthy to spread his denialist views,” Mr Kahramanian wrote.

Organisers of Professor McCarthy’s tour had booked venues for him to speak at the University of Melbourne and the Art Gallery of NSW, but both organisations cancelled the bookings after learning of his views.

Mr Ferguson said he did not agree with all Professor McCarthy’s views, but “he’s not a denier and I don’t think closing him down would be justified”.

“I don’t put him in the same category as David Irving or [Dutch right-wing politician] Geert Wilders. If I did, I certainly wouldn’t be sponsoring him.”

Mr Ferguson said he had been critical of Turkey’s human rights record over a long period of time.

“I’m not an apologist for the Turkish government,” he said.

Before the event, Greens spokesman on multiculturalism Richard Di Natale said the event should not be held in parliament.

“Justin McCarthy is a rallying point for those who deny the Armenian genocide,” Senator Di Natale said.

“The Australian Parliament should not be providing Professor McCarthy with a platform because that just lends legitimacy those views.”

“To deny the fact that genocide occurred is to disrespect those people who lost their lives and to cause further pain for those who lost loved ones.”

Treasurer Joe Hockey, who is of Armenian descent, as well as Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull and Labor MP Michael Danby, have previously called for the Australian Parliament to formally recognise the Armenian genocide. The Australian Turkish Advocacy Alliance did not return a call requesting comment.

Australian politicians raise voice against genocide denier

Source: genocide1915.info

Australian politicians raise voice against genocide denier

November 21, 2013 – 15:57 AMT

PanARMENIAN.Net – John Alexander, the Liberal Member for Bennelong, and Michelle Rowland, the Labor Member for Greenway, have both risen in Australia’s Federal Parliament to speak against visiting Armenian Genocide denier, Professor Justin McCarthy.

McCarthy, who is a well funded denier of the Armenian Genocide, earlier this week had two planned events in Sydney and Melbourne cancelled on the grounds of his unwelcome denialist views.

McCarthy spoke in a room at Parliament House on Thursday, Nov 21, at an event attended by reportedly only “two or three politicians” after the Armenian National Committee of Australia (ANC Australia) wrote to all Members of Parliament and Senators about McCarthy’s denialist views. Among the attending politicians were Laurie Ferguson and Mehmet Tillem, who had helped organize the event.

While this event took place, on the same day, MPs Alexander and Rowland made addresses in the national Parliament, unequivocally confirming the historical reality of the Armenian Genocide to a far greater audience of politicians, media and members of the public.

Alexander said: “… revisionist Justin McCarthy has used parliamentary facilities to promote his well-documented views questioning the systematic slaughter of Armenians, Assyrians and Pontian Greeks from 1915 to 1923.”

“The International Association of Genocide Scholars has discredited McCarthy’s work as selective and grossly distorting history. ANZAC soldiers verify the Genocide as an irrefutable historical fact through their eyewitness accounts. Denial of this Genocide is an attack on those who perished, those who survived, and their descendants.”

He added: “This institution should never again be used to express doubt over the scope of suffering experienced by the victims of a historical atrocity nor to justify these actions as merely part of a civil war.”

Rowland, adding her voice, said: “I can also understand the heightened frustration that many Australian-Armenians feel on this matter because of the venue at which this event is scheduled to take place.”

“My views on this are well known. I have joined in the past with members of parliament and community leaders from all sides of the political spectrum including the members for Berowra and Bennelong, and the New South Wales Liberal Minister Gladys Berejiklian, to recognize the Armenian Genocide…”

“Australian POWs recorded the marches, the massacres and the complete destruction of Armenian churches, villages and city quarters. ANZAC servicemen also rescued survivors across the Middle East. Today I acknowledge the tragic events of 1915 and affirm my commitment to never forget what happened to the Armenian people who were effectively eliminated from the homeland they had occupied for nearly 3,000 years.”

She added: “This week I noted a humanitarian plea to assist people in the Philippines who were the victims of natural disaster, and I want to end this speech by noting that Australia’s first major international humanitarian relief effort was in fact to help Armenian orphans from the genocide.”

ANC Australia extended their appreciation to Alexander and Rowland for bringing to light that Armenian Genocide denial, like Holocaust denial, is unacceptable.

Executive Director Vache Kahramanian said: “Mr Alexander and Ms Rowland are champions of human rights and champions of just recognition of the Armenian Genocide. We once again appreciate their support.”

Meanwhile, to ensure the support against Armenian Genocide denialism is truly bi-partisan, Greens spokesman on multiculturalism Richard Di Natale told the Sydney Morning Herald that the event should not have been held in Parliament.

“Justin McCarthy is a rallying point for those who deny the Armenian Genocide,” the Senator said. “The Australian Parliament should not be providing Professor McCarthy with a platform because that just lends legitimacy those views. To deny the fact that genocide occurred is to disrespect those people who lost their lives and to cause further pain for those who lost loved ones.”

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Armenian Genocide History and Timeline

In April of 1915 tens of thousands of Armenian men were rounded up and shot. Hundreds of thousands of women, old men and children were deported south across the mountains to Cilicia and Syria. On April 15 the Armenians appealed to the German Ambassador in Constantinople for formal German protection. This was rejected by Berlin on the grounds that it would offend the Turkish Government. By April 19 more than 50,000 Armenians had been murdered in the Van province.

Within nine months, more than 600,000 Armenians were massacred. Of the deported during that same period, more than 400,000 perished of the brutalities and privations of the southward march into Mesopotamia. By September more than a million Armenians were the victims of what later became known as the Armenian Genocide! A further 200,000 were forcibly converted to Islam to give Armenia a new Turkish sense of identity and strip the Armenian people of their past as the first Christian state in the world.

1914-1920

2/21/1914 A Turkish boycott of Armenian businesses is declared by the Ittihadists. Dr. Nazim travels throughout the provinces to implement the boycott.
2/26/1914 The police spy David notifies Reshad Bey, Chief of the Political Section of the Constantinople Police Department that he is providing the names, biographies, pictures, and speeches about reform, as well as other data, of two thousand leading Armenians.
3/2/1914 Parliamentary elections held in Turkey with only candidates approved by the CUP winning seats.
3/14/1914 The Ittihadist Mustafa Abdulhalik Renda, the vice-governor of Seghert, is appointed governor-general of Bitlis Province.
7/28/1914 Negotiations are started between the Turkish and German Imperial governments.
8/1/1914 Germany declares war on Russia. Beginning of World War I.
8/2/1914 A secret treaty of alliance is signed between Turkey and Germany virtually placing the Turkish armed forces under German command.
8/3/1914 The Turkish government sends sealed envelopes containing a general mobilization order to district and village councils, with the strict instructions that they were not to be opened until further notice. A fortnight later, with the approval of the Ittihad Committee, instructions are issued to open the envelopes.
8/8/1914 Censorship of all telegraphic communication is announced by the government.
8/18/1914 Looting is reported in Sivas, Diyarbekir, and other provinces, under the guise of collecting war contributions. Stores owned by Armenian and Greek merchants are vandalized.
8/18/1914 1,080 shops owned by Armenians are burned in the city of Diyarbekir.
8/22/1914 The male population between the ages of 20 and 45 is conscripted by the Turkish armed forces.
8/28/1914 Turkish troops are garrisoned in Armenian schools and churches in Sivas Province. In the city of Sivas, 56,000 soldiers of the 10th Army Corps are quartered in and around the Christian districts.
9/8/1914 The Turkish government abrogates the Capitulations (the commercial and judicial rights of the Europeans in the Ottoman Empire).
9/11/1914 The Armenian National Assembly, composed of civil and religious representatives, meets in Constantinople and advises Armenians in the provinces to remain calm in the face of provocation.
9/27/1914 The Dardanelles Straits are closed to foreign shipping.
9/27/1914 News reaches Constantinople about the demand made by the government of the Armenian population in Zeitun to turn in its weapons, including all types of knives.
9/30/1914 The government distributes arms to the Muslim residents of the town of Keghi in Erzerum Province on the excuse that the Armenians there were unreliable.
10/1/1914 All foreign postal services in Turkey are closed on government order.
10/1/1914 Nazaret Chavush, the most notable Armenian leader in Zeitun, is murdered on the order of Haidar Pasha, governor of Marash.
10/7/1914 News reaches Constantinople of looting under the guise of war contributions in Shabin-Karahisar.
10/10/1914 News that ‘the war contribution’ looting of Armenians was continuing in Diyarbekir Province.
10/10/1914 In Zeitun, all the Armenian notables are called to a meeting. About three score attend and are immediately arrested.
10/13/1914 News of requisitions imposed on Armenian businesses as ‘war contributions’ reaches Constantinople from every province.
10/13/1914 News reaches Constantinople of starvation and the spread of disease in Sivas Province because of the desperate conditions created by the ‘war contributions’ campaign conducted against the Armenians.
10/17/1914 Bands of chetes begin looting, violating women and children, and large-scale murdering in Erzerum Province
10/17/1914 Leaders of the Armenian nationalist Dashnak party organization in Erzerum are arrested.
10/22/1914 Enver authorizes the combined German-Turkish navy to carry out a stealth attack on Russia without declaration of war.
10/29/1914 Hostilities are opened between Turkey and Russia with the shelling of the Russian Black Sea coast by Ottoman naval vessels under German command.
11/2/1914 Russia formally declares war against the Ottoman Empire.
11/9/1914 News from the interior of Turkey reaches the Armenian community of Constantinople that persecutions already exceed earlier actions against the Armenians.
11/9/1914 A Proclamation of Jihad, directed against England, France, and Russia, is issued in Constantinople legitimating the formation of the chete organizations.
11/13/1914 Unfounded accusations are launched against the Armenians that they had revolted and were preparing to join the Russian forces.
11/14/1914 The village of Otsni in Erzerum Province is attacked at night by chete forces. The local Armenian priest and many other Armenians are killed. Every house is looted. The first attacks by chete forces on the Armenian villages of Erzerum are reported.
11/18/1914 The Jihad Proclamation is read in all the provinces of the Ottoman Empire.
11/19/1914 Mass executions of Armenian soldiers in the Turkish army takes place in various public squares for the purpose of terrorizing the Armenians, while with voluntary contributions, Armenians were building several hospitals for the use of the Turkish army through the Red Crescent Society.
11/20/1914 Orders are issued from Constantinople instructing the provincial administrators to oust all Armenian functionaries in the service of the Ottoman government.
11/21/1914 In Mush, Ittihadist agents distribute arms to the Turkish population after arousing them with false stories of Armenian outrages.
11/23/1914 Previously undisturbed Armenian schools and churches in Sivas Province, together with many private residences, are requisitioned by the Turkish army for use as barracks. The carts, horses, and other travel equipment of the Armenian villagers in the provinces are confiscated.
11/26/1914 Robbery and looting on a large scale is reported in Van Province.
11/26/1914 The War Ministry distributes explosives, rifles, and other equipment to the irregular forces of the Special Organization (Teshkilati Mahsusa).
11/26/1914 Enver’s uncle, Halil Pasha, the military governor of Constantinople, begins organizing Special Organization units in Constantinople by enrolling criminals released from prison.
11/29/1914 Halil Pasha instructs the governor of Izmid (Izmit) to identify leaders for Special Organization units and to release criminals from prisons to join these bands.
11/29/1914 The vice-governor of Izmid (Izmit) arms the Special Organization with weapons supplied by the War Ministry.
11/29/1914 Chete forces consisting of intentionally released convicts are armed by the government in Van Province. In the region of Van requisitions take the form of open robbery and looting.
11/30/1914 Having completed his job organizing the Special Organization in Artvin, Behaeddin Shakir is instructed to move on to Trebizond.
11/30/1914 The central command of the Special Organization sends instruction for supplying the chete bands with money, vehicles, and others equipment.
12/1/1914 The beginning of a series of isolated murders to terrorize the Armenian population.
12/1/1914 Reports reach Constantinople that raids by irregular chete forces on the Armenian villages of Erzerum Province are continuing.
12/2/1914 Turks loot the properties of subjects of Allied nations.
12/3/1914 The Ittihad Inspector of Balikesir sends a message to Dr. Nazim of the central committee of the Special Organization via Midhat Shukri, the Central Secretary of Ittihad, that the Interior Ministry and the Ittihad Committee, in accordance with issued orders, are busy organizing the irregular chete bands.
12/5/1914 Reports continue reaching Constantinople that chete raids on the Armenian villages of Erzerum Province are continuing.
12/6/1914 Armenians are put to use as porters of army supplies in Erzerum, Trebizond, and Sivas Provinces under the worst of cold winter conditions for the purpose of letting them die of overwork and illness.
12/14/1914 The Turkish Cabinet charges Enver with command of the offensive on the Caucasian front and assigns Talaat the position of Acting Minister of War while retaining his position as Minister of the Interior.
12/22/1914 An attack by the Ottoman Third Army corps opens the Battle of Sarikamish on the Caucasian Front.
12/23/1914 Foreign missionaries abandon the interior of Turkey as crosses on missions are broken by the Turks and replaced by crescents.
12/31/1914 Sahag Odabashian, the newly appointed Prelate of Erzinjan, while traveling from Constantinople via Sivas to Erzinjan, where he was to be installed in office, is slain in the village of Kanli-Tash, near Shabin-Karahisar, by six chetes organized by Ahmed Muammer, the governor-general of Sivas Province.
1/1/1915 The Ittihad representative of Bursa reports to the Ittihad Central Committee that local criminals and bandits have been registered in the Special Organization.
1/1/1915 Nuri, the vice-governor of Gavar District in Van Province, receives orders from the military governor to kill the Armenian soldiers in the Turkish Army who were stationed in his district.
1/5/1915 The Turkish government publicly charges that Armenian bakers in the army bakeries of Sivas were poisoning the bread of the Turkish forces. The bakers are cruelly beaten, despite the fact that a group of doctors prove the charge to be false by examining the bread and even eating it. As this marks an attempt on the part of the government to incite massacre, the government does not rescind the charge.
1/8/1915 Turkish and Kurdish chetes (Halil Pasha’s “First Corps”) attack Armenian and Assyrian villages in northwest Persia. They remain around the city of Tavriz (Tabriz) and the city of Urmia from January 8 until January 29, 1915. From Urmia alone, more than 18,000 Armenians, together with many Assyrians and even Persian Muslims, flee to the Caucasus.
1/12/1915 Ahmed Muammer, the governor-general of Sivas Province, orders the destruction of Tavra-Koy and other strategically located villages around the city of Sivas in order to make future defense impossible for the Armenians. Inside the city of Sivas strategically-located buildings were requisitioned.
1/16/1915 The last actions of the Battle of Sarikamish are reported. The Turkish army is totally defeated and almost destroyed with a loss of 70,000 men out of 85,000.
1/19/1915 Enver arrives in Sivas by automobile from Erzerum after his calamitous defeat at Sarikamish. He instructs the Army to accept only his orders and none hereafter from the German commanders and to draft at once all those deferred in the 20 to 40 age group, along with all males between the ages of 18 and 20 and 45 to 52.
1/22/1915 Enver arrives in Constantinople by automobile from Sivas. After his arrival, he makes a speech congratulating the Armenians for admirably doing their duty on the Caucasian Front and elsewhere. Enver seeks to lull the Armenians of Constantinople who had not yet experienced the general persecutions in the provinces because of the presence of a large European community in the city.
1/23/1915 Enver, now actively Minister of War again, issues a general order to shoot all persons resisting his orders.
2/2/1915 Talaat advises German Ambassador Count Hans von Wangenheim that the war is the only propitious moment to conclude the Armenian Question.
2/10/1915 S. Pasdermadjian, the Second Director of the Ottoman Bank, is murdered in the presence of German Major-General Posseldt, who reported that no investigation was carried or was any attempt made by the Turkish authorities to apprehend the guilty parties.
2/10/1915 Enver’s brother-in-law, Hafiz Hakki, dies of typhus and is replaced by Mahmud Kamil as Commander of the Third Army (Erzerum).
2/14/1915 Tahir Jevdet, the governor-general of Van Province, is reported saying that the government must begin finishing the Armenians in Van at once.
2/16/1915 The vice-governor of Mush orders 70 gendarmes to attack the village of Koms and to kill the Armenian Dashnak leader Rupen and all persons with him. Rupen and his companions resist and eventually escape to the Caucasus.
2/19/1915 Talaat, Osman Bedri, and other Ittihadist leaders decide in a meeting that should Allied naval ships force the Dardanelles, the Turks would burn Constantinople, blow up the Hagia Sophia, and slaughter the Christian inhabitants. Kerosene is distributed to all police stations in Constantinople for ready use in such an eventuality.
2/21/1915 An attack by chetes on the village of Purk near Shabin-Karahisar results in looting, murder, rape.
2/26/1915 Vramian, an Armenian parliamentary deputy from Van, writes Talaat advising him to remove the large number of chetes in Van Province.
2/27/1915 In Sivas Province a general attack is reported on many Armenian villages accompanied by raping, looting, and an increasingly larger number of killings.
2/27/1915 In the village of Chomaklu in Kayseri Province and in other places, the government demands all weapons from the Armenians.
3/1/1915 In Marash, the Armenians in the Turkish Army are deprived of their uniforms and arms.
3/3/1915 A dispatch from the Ittihad Central Committee is released announcing the decision to exterminate the Armenians.
3/3/1915 Armenian soldiers in the Erzerum army area are deprived of their uniforms and arms.
3/3/1915 The British decide to attack the Dardanelles.
3/5/1915 In Van Province, regular gendarmes and chetes are reported attacking many villages inhabited by Armenians and Assyrians.
3/7/1915 A search for weapons is conducted in Iskenderun (Alexandretta) and a mass arrest of Armenians carried out.
3/9/1915 Chetes and regular Army units attack Zeitun. Six Turkish gendarmes are killed by individuals resisting the attack.
3/12/1915 Massacres and robberies are carried in Alashkert District as part of a general campaign led by the chetes forces against the Armenian villages of the district.
3/12/1915 Mass arrests of Armenians are carried out in Dortyol and a public announcement is made that those arrested would be sent to work on road construction near Aleppo. They are never heard of again.
3/12/1915 Enver leaves for Berlin to see Kaiser Wilhelm II.
3/13/1915 A traveling commission of parliamentary deputies tours all the cities of Anatolia. The commission includes Dr. Fazil Berki, parliamentary deputy from Chankri, Ubedulla, parliamentary deputy from Smyrna, and Behaeddin Shakir, member of the Central Committee of the Ittihad Party. They address the Turkish population in the mosques describing the Armenians as internal enemies which must destroyed.
3/13/1915 In Sivas Province the population in all the Armenian villages is disarmed.
3/14/1915 Sahag, the Catholicos of Cilicia, advises the Armenians of Zeitun not to resist under any conditions.
3/16/1915 Russian forces advance between Urmia and Tavriz.
3/18/1915 An Allied attack on the Dardanelles begins.
3/18/1915 In Zeitun, the Turkish forces arrest many of the remaining Armenian notables and intellectuals whom they torture and finally kill.
3/19/1915 Six Armenian soldiers from the town of Gurun are publicly hanged in Sivas to frighten the Armenian population.
3/19/1915 Greek recruits are massacred near Smyrna.
3/20/1915 Omer Naji, a circulating Ittihad propagandist, travels to Aleppo, Adana and nearby towns to arouse the Muslims.
3/24/1915 Chetes and gendarmes attack Armenians in the towns of Bayburt (Papert) and Terchan in Erzerum Province, and in Bitlis.
3/26/1915 Sahag, Catholicos of Cilicia, renews his instruction to the Armenians of Zeitun not to resist.
3/26/1915 Thirty more Armenian community leaders are arrested in Zeitun.
3/28/1915 The Armenian Dashnak leader, Murad, resists arrest in Sivas and flees to the mountains, and after many daring escapes reaches the Caucasus.
3/28/1915 Hamid, the governor-general of Diyarbekir Province, is removed for opposing the order of massacre, and is replaced by Dr. Reshid.

Temple of the Skulls is first found dedicated to Mexican god of death, Mictlantecuhtli

Source: News.com.au

Temple of the Skulls

The Temple of the Skulls, under excavation in the Tehuacan, Puebla, archaeological site of Mexico. Picture: Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia Source: Supplied

One of the ceramic figurines found in the Temple of Skulls. Photo INAH. Source: Supplied

THE skulls should have been a dead giveaway. A recently uncovered temple in Mexico is the first found dedicated to the ancient god of death Mictlantecuhtli

Aptly named Temple of the Skulls, it was the presence of two niches containing human heads that gave archaeologists the first clue the new discovery from the 14th Century AD was something special.

Set into the west and north walls, each niche also held four femurs stuccoed to the walls around the skulls.

Temple of the Skulls

One of the ceramic figurines found in the Temple of Skulls. Photo INAH. Source: Supplied

But it was the red paint that was a giveaway: The position around the mouth resembled images of the god Mictlantecuhtli as found in one of the Codex Borgia  one of the few remaining texts to survive from the pre-Columbus Central American civilisation.

Temple of the Skulls

One of the skulls set among femur bones in the walls of the Temple of the Skulls, under excavation in the Tehuacan, Puebla, archaeological site of Mexico. Picture: Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia Source: Supplied

Two ceramic heads and an effigy of the god itself were found on top of the temple mound  along with more than 300 bones. These were the remains of human sacrifices.

The archaeological dig at the Tehuacan, Puebla, site continues. Only 10 per cent of the 116ha city has been uncovered so far.

Temple of the Skulls

Archaeologist Ramon Lopez Valenzuela, in the Temple of Skulls. Photo INAH. Source: Supplied

The city was conquered by the Aztecs in 1456, after which the population moved into the surrounding hills and lowlands.

Meanwhile, a monumental stone sculpture to the goddess Citlalicue – a creator goddess whose name means skirt of the stars – also has been uncovered at the foot of another nearby temple, the Templo Mayor.

Temple of the Skulls

One of the skulls set among femur bones in the walls of the Temple of the Skulls, under excavation in the Tehuacan, Puebla, archaeological site of Mexico. Picture: Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia Source: Supplied

Codex

Page 56 of the Codex Borgia is one of the very few depictions of the ancient Central-Mexican god of death, Mictlantecuhtli. Source: Supplied

Vatican unveils bone fragments said to belong to first pope St Peter

Source: News.com.au

St Peter's bones

Italian archbishop Rino Fisichella holds a box purportedly containing the ashes of St Peter before a ceremony of Solemnity of Our Lord Jesus Christ the King at St Peter’s square. Source: AFP

THE Vatican has publicly unveiled a handful of bone fragments purportedly belonging to St Peter, reviving the scientific debate and tantalising mystery over whether the relics found in a shoe box truly belong to the first pope.

The nine pieces of bone sat nestled like rings in a jewel box inside a bronze display case on the side of the altar during a Mass commemorating the end of the Vatican’s yearlong celebration of the Christian faith. It was the first time they had ever been exhibited in public.

Pope Francis prayed before the fragments at the start of Sunday’s service and then clutched the case in his arms for several minutes after his homily.

No pope has ever definitively declared the fragments to belong to the Apostle Peter, but Pope Paul VI in 1968 said fragments found in the necropolis under St Peter’s Basilica were “identified in a way that we can consider convincing”.

Some archaeologists dispute the finding.

But last week, a top Vatican official, Archbishop Rino Fisichella, said it almost doesn’t matter if archaeologists one day definitively determine that the bones aren’t Peter’s, saying Christians have prayed at Peter’s tomb for two millennia and will continue to, regardless.

“It’s not as if pilgrims who go to the altar (of Peter’s tomb) think that in that moment in which they profess their faith that below them are the relics of Peter, or of another or another still,” he told reporters. “They go there to profess the faith.”

Pope

Pope Francis blesses what are said to be some of the remains of St Peter during a ceremony at the Vatican.

The relics were discovered during excavations begun under St Peter’s Basilica in the years following the 1939 death of Pope Pius XI, who had asked to be buried in the grottoes where dozens of popes are buried, according to the 2012 book by veteran Vatican correspondent Bruno Bartoloni, “The Ears of the Vatican.”

During the excavations, archaeologists discovered a funerary monument with a casket built in honor of Peter and an engraving in Greek that read “Petros eni”, or “Peter is here”.

The scholar of Greek antiquities, Margherita Guarducci, who had deciphered the engraving continued to investigate and learned that one of the basilica workers had been given the remains found inside the casket and stored them in a shoe box kept in a cupboard. She reported her findings to Paul VI who later proclaimed that there was a “convincing” argument that the bones belonged to Peter.

Top Vatican Jesuits and other archaeologists strongly denied the claim, but had little recourse.

“No Pope had ever permitted an exhaustive study, partly because a 1000-year-old curse attested by secret and apocalyptic documents, threatened anyone who disturbed the peace of Peter’s tomb with the worst possible misfortune,” Bartoloni wrote.

The Vatican newspaper, l’Osservatore Romano, published excerpts of the book last year, giving his account a degree of official sanction.

In 1971, Paul VI was given an urn containing the relics, which were kept inside the private papal chapel inside the Apostolic Palace and exhibited for the pope’s private veneration each June 29, for the feast of Saints Peter and Paul. Sunday marked the first time they were shown in public.

Who is going to Brazil 2014?

All the goals from the final World Cup playoffs 4:18

The final European places for the 2014 World Cup were decided on Wednesday morning, with a showdown between Cristiano Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimovic the highlight of the matches.

Suarez, Rooney, Neymar, Honda and Cahill will be stars at the World Cup.

Suarez, Rooney, Neymar, Honda and Cahill will be stars at the World Cup. Source: AAP

THE line-up is complete! We now know 32 nations that will take part in next summer’s World Cup finals in Brazil.

We’ll see 13 European, five South American, five African, four North American and four Asian countries in world football’s showpiece event..

Here, the Daily Mail brings you the complete lowdown on all those who have qualified for the tournament.

Fans celebrate World Cup qualification for Brazil 2014 1:29

Football fans around the world have celebrate and commiserated as all but one of the 32 teams that will compete at the World Cup in Brazil next year were confirmed. With Uruguay and Jordan battling it out for the final spot.

Australia

FIFA Ranking: 57th

Star player: Tim Cahill – Box-to-box midfielder often converted into a striker with a good goalscoring record. Formerly of Millwall and Everton, now playing in Major League Soccer for the New York Red Bulls.

Post-game analysis: Socceroos v Costa Rica 7:10

The Fox Sports football panel dissects all the action from the Socceroos and Costa Rica clash.

H ow they got there: Rather than battling for top spot, Australia were left trying to fend off Oman for the final automatic spot which they only achieved on the final day following a late 1-0 win against Iraq coupled with Oman’s loss at Jordan. They are out of form having been defeated 6-0 by Brazil and France in recent matches – just as well the tournament is next summer.

EUROPE

Belgium

FIFA Ranking: 5th

Star man: Eden Hazard – Quick, creative and energetic winger who has shone for Chelsea since moving to the Premier League last year.

Belgium have attacking options all over the pitch.

Belgium have attacking options all over the pitch. Source: AP

How they got there: Blessed with a generation of players that have taken Belgium from being non-qualifying material to a major European force, Marc Wilmots guided his side to top spot in Group A with a game to spare after making light work of nearest rivals Croatia. The nation’s first major tournament in 12 years may end up being their best since the class of 86 visited Mexico.

England

FIFA Ranking: 10th

Star man: Wayne Rooney – Bullish striker who, on top form, can be unplayable. On course to become England’s record all-time goalscorer if he continues in his current rich vein of form.

England's Wayne Rooney will be crucial to his nation's hopes.

England’s Wayne Rooney will be crucial to his nation’s hopes. Source: AFP

How they got there: While England seemed to toil through qualifying at times they never once looked on the back foot. When the chips were down they were forced to win their last two matches but they delivered in confident fashion. A nation awaits to see which star will break his metatarsal in the run-up to the finals next summer.

France

FIFA Ranking: 21

Star man: Franck Ribery – One of the favourites for the Ballon d’OR after a wonderful year with Bayern Munich where he won a treble – though Ribery has never quite showed that form consistently on the international stage. Watch out Brazil.

France's soccer team celebrate after defeating Ukraine.

France’s soccer team celebrate after defeating Ukraine. Source: AP

How they got there: The unlucky second seeded side to be drawn with World Cup holders Spain in their group, France were never favourites to finish top. Poor indivual performances were angering the public however, and their was a media backlash after their 2-0 defeat to Ukraine in their play-off first leg. They turned it around spectacularly though, and will be dangerous in Brazil.

Germany

FIFA Ranking: 2nd

Star man: Mesut Ozil – Arsenal star whose craft, creativity and conjuring is well known. Has seamlessly adapted to life in the Premier League since joining from Real Madrid on deadline day.

German football team take the tube to Wembley 0:47

The German national football team have found a rather unusual way to beat the London traffic before their international friendly at Wembley.

How they got there: By winning every game – aside from a moment of madness when they only drew with Sweden despite going 4-0 up. That was about as bad as it got for Low’s side as Germany typically qualified with envious ease. Germany have actually never failed in any of their qualification attempts, as the two tournaments they missed saw them fail to enter (1930) or banned (1950).

Italy

FIFA Ranking: 8th

Star man: Claudio Marchisio – Hard-hitting Juventus man has become a constant in the Italian midfield and played in every match en route to the Euro 2012 final.

How they got there: The Italians never looked in danger of failing to reach Brazil with group rivals stumbling over each other as Prandelli’s team built a commanding lead at the top of the group. Flopped as defending champions to crash out at the group stage in 2010, but a team blessed with veteran experience and youthful enthusiasm will hope to build on a runners-up finish at Euro 2012.

Netherlands

FIFA Ranking: 8th

Star man: Robin van Persie – Manchester United star who is one of the most clinical finishers in the world, especially in his current purple patch.

How they got there: In style. Holland bounced back from a calamitous Euro 2012, where they lost every game, to blitz Group D and finish as Europe’s top scorers – much of that was in part due to Van Persie’s unmatched 11 goals. The Dutch seemed to have learned from the shambles of the Euros last year and will target going one better than 2010’s runners-up finish in South Africa.

Portugal's forward Cristiano Ronaldo single handedly got his side into the World Cup.

Portugal’s forward Cristiano Ronaldo single handedly got his side into the World Cup. Source: AFP

Portugal

FIFA Ranking: 14th

Star player: Are you having a laugh? Cristiano Ronaldo – He single-handedly dragged his side through a tricky play-off tie against Zlatan Ibrahimovic’s Sweden, and his form for Real Madrid moves to greater heights wither every week. With him in the side, you’d be brave to back anybody against them.

All the goals from the final World Cup playoffs 4:18

The final European places for the 2014 World Cup were decided on Wednesday morning, with a showdown between Cristiano Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimovic the highlight of the matches.

How they got there: With difficulty. Losing out to Russia by one point at the top of Group F, Ronaldo and Co stuttered to poor results such as a draw at home with Northern Ireland and just two points from both fixtures against third-place Israel.

Consigned to a play-off with Sweden in a battle between Ronaldo and Zlatan Ibrahimovic, they relied on a hat-trick from their talisman to see them through.

Russia

FIFA Ranking: 19

Star player: Alan Dzagoev – Still just 23, the attacking midfielder has earned plenty of plaudits playing for CSKA Moscow since his youth. Russia’s new shining light after Andrei Arshavin’s downfall.

How they got there: Despite being in the same group as Cristiano Ronaldo’s Portugal, Russia always held the advantage in the group and secured top spot with relative ease. Manager Fabio Capello of course did a similar trick with England to comfortably guide them to South Africa, but we will need little reminding of how badly that adventure ended…

Spain national football team's midfielder Andres Iniesta.

Spain national football team’s midfielder Andres Iniesta. Source: AFP

Spain

FIFA Ranking: 1

Star man: Andres Iniesta – Scorer of the winning goal at the last World Cup and the jewel in Spain’s and Barcelona’s sides. Forms a magnificent ‘tiki-taka’ relationship with Xavi in midfield.

Spain humbled by South Africa 1:04

It will go down as one of the all-time upsets in world football, and an unhappy return to South Africa for World Champions Spain, who were humbled 1-0 by the hosts in Johannesburg.

How they got there: Paired in a tough group that contained France, top-spot was always going to come down to the two clashes between Spain and the 1998 champions. As it was it was the current holders that edged the head-to-head record and finish in an automatic qualifying spot, as they attempt to become the first European side to lift the World Cup on South American soil.

Switzerland

FIFA Ranking: 7

Star man: Xherdan Shaqiri – Despite battling with wingers Franck Ribery and Arjen Robben for places at Bayern Munich the 22-year-old has managed to impress and will be a key man for Switzerland.

How they got there: The Swiss were given a boost before the qualifying games had even begun as the top seed place in their group was taken by a Norway team who have gone on to struggle. With Slovenia the second seeds, Hitzfeld’s team have taken advantage of one of Europe’s weaker groups but there is exciting talent within the squad such as Shaqiri and Valentin Stocker.

Weird and wonderful football 2:11

The international break did little to slow down the number of controversial, superb and downright wacky moments in the world of football.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

FIFA Ranking: 16th

Star man: Edin Dzeko – Manchester City striker who has an excellent international scoring record of 33 goals in 58 games.

How they got there: Bosnia and Greece were by far the runaway teams in Group G and such was their dominance, Bosnia still needed to win on the final day despite dropping points in just two qualifiers throughout the campaign. Huge celebrations greeted their first ever qualification for a major tournament but it remains to be seen how Dzeko and his team-mate cope in Brazil.

Croatia

FIFA Ranking: 18

Star player: Luka Modric – Real Madrid splashed out big bucks on the Tottenham midfielder in 2012 and despite an indifferent first season, he is now shining for both club and country once again.

 Mario Mandzukic of Croatia celebrates qualification with team mate Luka Modric.

Mario Mandzukic of Croatia celebrates qualification with team mate Luka Modric. Source: Getty Images

How they got there: Drawn in one of the tougher groups of qualifying with Belgium and Serbia, as well as home nations Scotland and Wales, Croatia can pat themselves on the back for managing to come second. Although they may not have caught the dominant Belgians anyway, a double defeat to Scotland didn’t help their chances. Defeated relative minnows Iceland in the play-offs.

Greece

FIFA Ranking: 15th

Star player: Sokratis Papastathopoulos – The 6 foot 1 rock-solid centre half has been impressing Bundesliga watchers for some time, so much so that Borussia Dortmund snapped him up from Wolfsburg in the summer. Just don’t get his name on the back of your shirt…

How they got there: Missing out on automatic qualification on mere goal difference as Bosnia topped Group G, Greece relied on toppling Romania 4-2 in the play-offs.

SOUTH AMERICA

Brazil

FIFA Ranking: 11th

Star player: Neymar – The 21-year-old has adapted seamlessly to life in European football with Barcelona and will become the best in the world in a few years.

How they got there: As host nation they booked their place at the tournament six years ago when Brazil were awarded the tournament. There is huge pressure on Brazil, where anything less than a record sixth victory will be seen as a national disaster alongside the infamous team that crashed on home soil to lose the 1950 final to Uruguay.

Argentina

FIFA Ranking: 3rd

Star player: Lionel Messi – Widely considered the most gifted player in the world and rightly so. His record of 37 international goals in 83 matches pales into insignificance in comparison to his historic scoring feats and honours roll with Barcelona.

Lionel Messi will carry Argentina's hopes in Brazil.

Lionel Messi will carry Argentina’s hopes in Brazil. Source: AP

How they got there: Without Brazil’s presence, Argentina were billed to be the runaway leaders in South America and they didn’t fail to disappoint as Messi’s goals ensured they easily navigated their way to an 11th consecutive appearance. Messi failed to deliver in South Africa, but can he finally star on the biggest stage and end Argentina’s 28-year wait to win a third World Cup?

Chile

FIFA Ranking: 12th

Star player: Alexis Sanchez – Exciting winger/forward who epitomises that vibrant Chilean style. The Barcelona man scored twice against England in last week’s friendly.

Chile's Alexis Sanchez.

Chile’s Alexis Sanchez. Source: AP

H ow they got there: Chile were not made to regret throwing away a 3-0 lead against Colombia – they eventually drew 3-3 – and sealed victory against Ecuador in the final qualifier to secure third place and their place in Brazil.

Colombia

FIFA Ranking: 4th

Star player: Radamel Falcao – One of the deadliest strikers in the world, currently playing for Monaco following a big money move from Atletico in the summer.

Colombian's forward Radamel Falcao is deadly.

Colombian’s forward Radamel Falcao is deadly. Source: AFP

How they got there: We haven’t seen Colombia since David Beckham’s free-kick past Faryd Mondragon (still part of the squad at 42) helped dump them out of France 98. But having trailed a distant second behind Argentina for much of the campaign, Colombia are back and this time it will be the feet of Falcao rather than the hair of Carlos Valderrama which will do the talking.

Ecuador

FIFA Ranking: 22nd

Star player: Edison Mendez – Vastly experienced midfielder who has been in the squad since 2000 and will probably have his swansong at this tournament.

How they got there: A vital 1-0 win over Uruguay in their penultimate game effectively sealed Ecuador’s place in their third finals in four World Cups. That they lost 2-1 in Santiago proved an irrelevance as they grabbed the fourth and final automatic spot ahead of Uruguay – who beat Argentina 3-2 in Montevideo – on goal difference.

Uruguay

FIFA Ranking: 6th

Star player: Luis Suarez – Currently among the world’s best strikers, Suarez has been tormenting the Premier League’s best defenders this season for Liverpool, and is a definite contender for player of the tournament if Uruguay go deep in 2014.

How they got there: To be frank, they’ve done it the hard way. A team with Uruguay’s galaxy of stars should have locked their spot away months ago. Instead, a nation with a rich World Cup history was the very last of the 32 teams to qualify after thrashing Jordan in a two-legged sudden death playoff.

Luis Suarez dribbles past a Jordan' defender. Khalil Mazraawi

Luis Suarez dribbles past a Jordan’ defender. Khalil Mazraawi Source: AFP

NORTH AMERICA

Mexico

FIFA Ranking: 24th

Star man: Javier Hernandez – Manchester United goal poacher with an excellent international scoring ratio of 35 goals in 57.

All Whites World Cup dream is over after loss to Mexico 0:51

Mexico qualified for their sixth successive World Cup on Wednesday with a 4-2 victory in the second leg of their intercontinental play-off against New Zealand, for a 9-3 aggregate win.

How they got there: Having negotiated the initial qualifying group with a 100 per cent record, Mexico made hard work of the final phase, losing to Honduras at home and Costa Rica and the United States on the road. Having scraped in to to the play-off round, they made light work of New Zealand, winning 5-1 at home and 4-2 away.

United States

FIFA Ranking: 13

Star player: Jozy Altidore – Hasn’t impressed in his spells in England with Hull City and Sunderland, but a nailed-on striker for USA, scoring 21 times in 65 appearances.

How they got there: After starting slowly in ‘the Hex’, Klinsmann’s side soon found their winning rhythm to hit top spot in the group before a win over Mexico last month confirmed a seventh straight World Cup appearance. The last 10 years have seen players gain bucket loads of experience from playing in Europe and it’s seeing big gains in the squad strength.

Costa Rica

FIFA Rankings: 31st

Manager: Jorge Luis Pinto – In his second spell in charge of Costa Rica, Pinto has done better in this qualification campaign than he did in the last one with Colombia.

Star player: Bryan Ruiz – The Fulham forward is Costa Rica’s captain and chipped in with three goals during the qualifying phase.

How they got there: Despite conceding a last-minute equaliser in Jamaica in September, it was smiles all round as the draw in Kingston was enough to see Costa Rica qualify in surprisingly comfortable circumstances. Fulham forward Bryan Ruiz has the ability to compete on the global stage but reaching the last 16 like in 1990 will prove a tough ask for Pinto’s team.

Honduras

FIFA Ranking: 34th

Star player: Wilson Palacios – Defensive midfielder heading to his second World Cup. Well known to English football fans having played for Birmingham, Wigan, Tottenham and Stoke.

How they got there: Honduras have undergone several changes since South Africa, but pulled it all together in time to enjoy a successful qualifying campaign, finally sealing their place with a 2-2 draw against Jamaica in the final match.

AFRICA

Algeria

FIFA Ranking: 32

Star player: Sofiane Feghouli – Algeria have been crying out for a star for many years, and they may have it in the Valencia winger, impressing the Giants in La Liga despite his side’s lowly position.

How they got there: Comfortably qualifying from Group H in qualifying, Algeria – famously holding England at the 2010 World Cup – looked certain for 2014 when they drew Burkina Faso in their play-off match. Things weren’t that easy, however, as Burkina Faso won the first-leg 3-2. The homeside turned it around in the return leg, beating the underdogs 1-0 to progress on away goals.

Cameroon

FIFA Ranking: 59th

Star man: Samuel Eto’o – team captain, Cameroon’s record appearance holder with 112 caps and all-time leading goalscorer with 55.

Cameroon striker Samuel Eto'o has been on form for Chelsea.

Cameroon striker Samuel Eto’o has been on form for Chelsea. Source: AFP

How they got there: The Indomitable Lions won a group featuring Libya, Congo DR and Togo before overcoming Tunisia 4-1 on aggregate in the final play-off round. They received a stroke of good fortune in the group when Togo were forced to forfeit their 2-0 win in June after fielding an ineligible player.

Ghana

FIFA Ranking: 23

Star player: Kevin-Prince Boateng – A rare African playmaker, possessing a mix of great skills and raw speed and power, Boateng has become a national jewel despite his German roots.

How they got there: Easily. Ghana progressed from their group in style, despite an early loss to Zambia, and carried on their goalscoring feats in their play-off, too. Egypt, one of the top teams in Africa by all means, were thrashed 6-1 in the first leg, all-but-securing one of the stars of South Africa’s World Cup place.

Ivory Coast

FIFA Ranking: 17th

Star man: Didier Drogba – Linchpin striker of the side who will have surpassed a century of caps by the time of the tournament – he has a remarkable 62 goals for his country.

H ow they got there: The Ivory Coast initially topped a group containing Morocco, Tanzania and Gambia, before seeing off Senegal 4-2 on aggregate in a tough play-off tie.

Nigeria

Fifa ranking: 33rd

Star man: Victor Moses – Capped for England at youth levels, the Liverpool winger – on-loan from Chelsea – chose to represent the nation of his birth. Scored in Nigeria’s play-off win against Ethiopia.

How they got there: Nigeria were undefeated in their group containing Malawi, Kenya and Namibia, before comprehensively seeing off Ethiopia 4-1 on aggregate in their play-off.

ASIA

Japan

FIFA Ranking: 44th

Star player: Keisuke Honda – The motor of the Japanese team, known for his dribbling and set-piece ability. Currently plays for CSKA Moscow but has already agreed to join AC Milan in the New Year.

Japan's midfielder Keisuke Honda (L) celebrates.

Japan’s midfielder Keisuke Honda (L) celebrates. Source: AFP

How they got there: Now part of the World Cup furniture after reaching their first tournament at France 98. Japan were the first side to qualify (outside the hosts) for Brazil 2014 in June as they comfortably topped Asia’s Group B. The squad is talented, too. Shinji Kagawa may not be featuring much for Manchester United but keep an eye out for CSKA Moscow’s midfield genius, Honda.

Iran

FIFA Ranking: 49th

Star player: Ashkan Dejagah – Winger who played for Germany’s youth sides before opting for the country of his birth. Plays for Fulham in the Premier League.

How they got there: Surprisingly topped Group A after winning at South Korea on the final match day. Despite winning the group there isn’t much to suggest that former Manchester United assistant Queiroz can guide them past the group stage for the first time. Skipper, Javad Nekounam has the experience but Fulham’s Ashkan Dejagah is best suited to deal with the quality they will face in Brazil.

South Korea

FIFA Ranking: 56

Star player: Ki Sung-yueng – The Swansea midfielder on-loan at Sunderland may not have lit up the Premier League but he is an ever-present for South Korea, playing 53 times at the age of just 24.

How they got there: Survived a late scare on the final matchday of the group stage to qualify as only a narrowly superior goal difference saved them from being bumped into the play-offs by Uzbekistan following a 1-0 home defeat to Iran. It will be their eighth consecutive finals but only twice have they got beyond the group stage.